A Groundbreaking Geological Discovery in the Grand Canyon

By: Past Chronicles Staff | Last updated: May 19, 2023

When one goes to the Grand Canyon, the first impression typically involves how big the geological formation is. The last thing anyone is looking for tends to be a big boulder. The Canyon itself is far more demanding of a visitor’s attention. However, in one particular case, a very massive boulder stood out like an immediate sore thumb.

For one particular visitor, the boulder was an odd enough aberration. He decided to take a photograph. And that casual image ended up causing a chain of events no one expected. However, many quickly become engrossed into the story.

Seemed Like Your Typical Boulder

The boulder itself was no recent creation. The massive, compacted rock was easily dated by millions of years, well before the Grand Canyon ever reached the depths of its meandering caverns today.

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Source: Chris Hunkeler

However, the secrets of the boulder weren’t very apparent to folks in modern times until the photograph in this story was taken. Somehow, some way, the photograph triggered a question about what was captured in the image.

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A Geologist’s Astute Observation

For the typical observer, the boulder didn’t really stand out that much. Granted, it was huge by human standards and size, but it wasn’t very distinct from the boulders and ground in the area in terms of color or texture. It originated from a nearby cliff on the Bright Angel Trail, essentially coming loose due to gravity and eventually falling lower until it stopped at its current location. Visitors and hikers passed by this boulder for years without any notice or care.

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Source: imageBROKER/Mara Brandl/Getty Images

Even local researchers and geologists, noting the rock’s presence, chalked it up to simply yet another example of maybe halving, erosion, or plain deconstruction of the earth’s surface over centuries, a common occurrence worldwide as weather, the elements, and time take their toll on mountains and exposed cliffs. However, one particular geologist happened to see something different, and that particular observation noting the difference in plain sight changed everything.

Allan Krill’s Observations

Allan Krill had been a trained geologist for years, studying the intricacies of rocks, soil, water, and the rest of the earth’s formations.

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Source: Anjelika Gretskaia / Getty

Visiting on vacation, Krill immediately spotted the boulder standing out amongst everything else and honed on its abnormality in the landscape. However, he also noticed something else too.

Rare Geological Discoveries

In the geology world, it’s hard to be the discoverer of something new, much less novel. So much of geology has been documented, surveyed, tracked, studied, and photographed that anything someone thinks they “found” turns out to be already thoroughly examined in one research paper or another.

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Source: Mark A Paulda/Getty Images

So, when a geologist actually comes across a unique feature that is completely new, or has the potential to be unheard of until that moment, it’s the same as suddenly finding a chest of buried gold coins. It’s rare, usually scoffed at, but amazing when it does actually happen. For Krill, he had found the geologist’s treasure chest of gold coins on this Grand Canyon boulder.

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History Within the Rocks

The boulder itself was not the prize. Instead, what was preserved in the stone of the boulder was amazing and worth the world’s attention. Krill now just had to get others to confirm his suspicion was correct. If he was right, the find easily dated back deep into the era of the dinosaurs at least.

Source: G.E. Ulrich

The Grand Canyon’s geological history lies hidden within layers of rock. Compressive forces and high temperatures at first led to the formation of igneous and metamorphic rock. Next, sedimentary layers began to form. Each layer tells its own unique story. The ravine of the Grand Canyon didn’t begin to form until the end of the Cretaceous Period.

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The Boulder Reveals Secrets

As so often happens, Krill’s discovery took a number of coincidences and circumstances to happen first for his discovery to even be visible by the geologist. The sequence of crumbling, cracking, gravity and falling in just the right exposed way made the difference in making the boulder’s secret see the light of day for Krill to “discover” it.

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And it needed someone trained like Krill to see the significance. The average person was not likely to even notice the aberration. In fact, had Krill not been the person to find the secret, the boulder would have kept silent about its gem for another century or longer.

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Two Billion Years of History

The above said, the Grand Canyon has long been a repository of secrets. From inaccessible caves visible but not reachable for years. Yet, as erosion cuts through the layers like a hot knife through cheese, the natural wonder is stuffed with geological finds.

Source: Daniel Slim/Getty Images

By average estimates, the Canyon easily covers a history of two billion years or longer, with the same river slowly but methodically eating away at the innards of the region and creating the chasm people know today. Krill and the rest of humanity barely get noticed with a mere 180,000 years back in comparison to the Canyon’s age. And all of it is captured in the rock and soil information visible in the Canyon walls.

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Slow Changes Over Time

Back then, the world was amazingly different. Even the continents themselves were in different positions globally. What used to be clearly lush, heavy vegetation-covered land disappeared over time, and the Arizona desert and arid conditions replaced the climate in the region to what we know today.

Slow Changes Over Time

Yet the signs of all that life and jungle are vivid and buried in the Canyon’s soil, captured as carbon layers between minerals. It’s likely, somewhere around the same era of two billion years ago, the boulder Krill ended up examining started to form.

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The Rocks Around Us Are Ancient

Again, for a big rock, 2 billion years is a typical run in the park. Most of the earth’s exposed rock, mountains and formations have been around for thousands, millions, or billions of years.

Source: Busà Photography/Getty Images

A good amount of it was belched up from deep in the Earth, spewing out in liquid form as magma and then lava, spreading across earlier ground and burying it with new layers hardening in the cooler atmosphere.

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The Formation of the Grand Canyon

The particular area of the Grand Canyon bears all the vicious signs of intense geological activity. From significant pressure under weight to high temperatures to volcanic and metamorphic activity, the stones and rocks in the area were brutally melded and forged.

Source: Jashim Sobhanian

As things settled, organic vegetation sprouted and died and sprouted again, an endless cycle of organic material that created sedimentary layers which also added bulk and material on top of the bare rock itself. Today we know this as soil, but at one time long ago it existed in a very different form.

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History Continues To Be Written Within the Rocks

As every sedimentary layer was applied with time, it also became what geologists study intently as their version of history books. Not only the type of minerals and what was buried in them tell stories, but how the sedimentary layer was created and deposited makes a huge difference as well.

Source: Britannica

It can tell explicit details about ash fall, mud flows, water presence, and even life captured and fossilized in the minerals.

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The Canyon Takes Shape

Long after much of the above activity happened, the Cretaceous Period arrived. It was about this time that many experts agree the Grand Canyon likely started being formed, at least in terms of something becoming the gap in the Earth we know today. At that time it didn’t cover the 130,000 square miles the Canyon encompasses today.

The Canyon Takes Shape

Some 70 million years ago, geologists believe the first stage needed for the Canyon to exist happened as the earth’s tectonic movement shoved the Colorado Plateau upward in relation to the rest of the region. That movement of the Earth ultimately created a higher elevation point, providing for the dynamics gravity would take advantage of later with water.

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Four States Worth of Canyon

When people look at the Grand Canyon today, they can’t imagine it being a small, little creek meandering through and off a plateau. Yet, today, the geological formation covers four states in its size, claiming territory in the four corners of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah.

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The formation that is the foundation of the Canyon is much bigger, and many folks have no idea they’ve entered the same zone traveling in the area.

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The Power of Water

The particular change agent of water came in the form of rainwater and ice as the same froze during cold periods. The Rocky Mountains became the watershed, generating much of the moisture and its build up. At first, the condensation factors had very little effect. However, with millennia to work with, water and time can do amazing things.

The Power of Water

Eventually, mere puddles became creeks and creeks became rivers, cutting deeper, wider, stronger and more consistently. No matter how hard the rock, water’s erosive nature as well as temperature takes a toll, wearing down even the strongest of granite.

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Erosion Happens

Erosion also has an abrasive effect. As water tears apart rock, it breaks it down, turning rock into boulders and boulders into stones and pebbles, all of which bang against the remaining rock and create multiple points of impact, some with significant force. Damage cascades into more damage and that in turn creates more erosion.

Jouni Välkki/500px/Getty Images

The result is the carving effect we now know as the Grand Canyon with the Colorado River flowing through it. Add in another two million years, ice ages, repeated cycles of freezing and melting, and more rock ends up being split, broken and deconstructed deeper.

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A Global Geological Marvel

In modern times, the Grand Canyon enjoys National Park and Monument protection. Internationally, it is easily within the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. Even more interesting, the Canyon is not staying the same. While its current form was realized about 1.2 million years in the past, minuscule changes continue to occur that add up over time.

Source: Piriya Photography/Getty Images

A rock here, a fragment there, all add up to a continuing process of geological change still occurring. That kind of impact, including boulders leaving cliff walls and falling, led to Krill’s discovery.

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The Canyon Used to Be Deeper

Interestingly, humans and the Canyon have a long history as well. Ancient peoples frequented the Canyon on a regular basis, easily noting its significance in the landscape by then, even though humanity was still a blip in the geological history range.

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By the time the first European arrivals walked upon the majesty of the Grand Canyon, it had already reached its deepest point 1 million years earlier.

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Preserving the Grand Canyon

The Grand Canyon region was first designated a forest reserve in 1919, an early federal government predecessor to what would later become a National Park designation.

Source: Peter Cheung/Getty Images

President Benjamin Harrison made the declaration, and that became the genesis for hundreds of thousands visiting the area ever since. Today, the amount of tourism in the region dwarfs anything from the beginning of the 20th century. Six million people visit the Grand Canyon annually, with the only significant drop having occurred in 2020 due to the COVID pandemic.

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Grounds for Tons of Research

Tourists aren’t the only ones visiting though; researchers spend an extensive amount of time in the Canyon on a regular basis. Studies and research have been on a steady diet in the area since before its designation, dating back to 1858.

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Krill himself studied the area frequently as he developed his skills as a geologist. It’s this very research that confirms the portfolio of geological elements and formations in the area.

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Isis Temple

The Grand Canyon easily gains recognition in photographs and films for some of its more famous locations. Created by an assortment of water movements, wind, arid conditions, and erosion, a number of locations within the National Park have become go-to spots for tourists from around the world.

Source: Martin Kovács/Getty Images

The Isis Temple, for example, sits out in the landscape prominently, reaching as much as 7,000 feet above the sea level elevation. Additionally, the Granite Gorge gets a lot of views, photographs and traffic being one of the iconic towering wall areas that the Colorado River moves through incessantly. And it’s because of that river movement that new things appear every couple of years.

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A Controversial New Study

In 2014, researchers pushed out an academic paper which said that the majority view of how the Colorado River formed the Canyon seemed to be incorrect. Instead, the River’s behavior had moved in a very different way. For the average person, these sorts of discussions seem like splitting hairs on insignificant what-ifs, but in the geology world it’s akin to someone proposing to rewrite the Bible or the Koran.

NPS.gov

In short, the University of New Mexico study, led by geologist Karl Karlstrom, posited that original assumptions about the Canyon’s age were overstated. In fact, the Canyon was younger, likely starting formation only 5 to 6 million years ago instead of the conventional view of 70 million years. No surprise, the argument generated a lot of academic angst and a kerfuffle, at the least.

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Erasing History

In the meantime, the River continues to keep doing its job cutting into the Canyon. That action is, unfortunately, now also being destructive to the evidence of ancient history. Erosion is not delicate like a scalpel; it tears into all forms of geology, even those that have been valued by research.

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A notice by one prominent geologist in a 2019 interview explained how the Colorado River is eating away at the Canyon and lamented about how much of known historical reference was disappearing. However, in the same vein, new discoveries are being made as the river cuts deeper and exposes new elements that were previously buried and out of sight. The most prominent of these tend to be fossilized remnants of ancient life.

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Fossilized Evidence

Fossils are mineral leftovers from organic life. They can be created either by animals or plants. Under the right circumstances, the organic material gets preserved and replaced by minerals.

Source: Ghedoghedo

These minerals then take the form of an organism that eventually deconstructs and breaks down to carbon. When the minerals form in the same shape, a fossil is created. Interestingly, fossils can be created from impressions as well.

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A Discovery Older Than Dinos

That was the case with a 2019 Grand Canyon discovery announced by the National Park Service involving the footprints of a tetrapod, a four-legged creature older than ordinary dinosaurs.

Source: NPS.gov

The particular species, an Ichniotherium, was never previously known to have lived in a desert region. Yet, if the area had already reached its arid state, the finding would rewrite history about where this species could have lived.

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Krill’s Historic Hike

Regardless of the amount of research, as Krill’s find would prove, getting out in the field and walking the ground still tends to be the best way to understand the geology of the Grand Canyon. And, despite how much research has been collected, discoveries still pop up.

Source: Larry N Young/Getty Images

So, when Krill was leading a team of students through the Canyon in 2016, the last thing he was expecting was to make a great geological discovery himself (but technically it was possible for anyone paying attention to their surroundings). The team set off to hike on the Bright Angel Trail, and soon enough Krill was busy taking in the sights and looking at things with a geologist’s eye.

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The Bright Angel Trail

The Trail starts near the Grand Canyon Village, the primary tourist starting point for exploring the Grand Canyon. Then, the trail moves into the Canyon itself, while running parallel to the edge, lowering in elevation some 4,000 feet for eight miles.

Folks hiking are going to be treated to a number of formations including the key tourist sites of Brahma Temple as well as that of the Cheops Pyramid. And, for the casual observer, a big boulder.

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The Strange, Misplaced Rock

The out of place boulder was easy enough to spot, making it a natural attractant to an observer on the trail. However, for Krill, there was a lot more going on, and he wanted a closer look at the boulder’s story. His eye caught an aberration in the stone’s surface that didn’t look right and definitely didn’t look geological.

Source: Simon McGill/Getty Images

Instead, the boulder’s surface had a pattern on it that looked like it was created. In addition, the boulder’s composition gave away its source; the rock type was a clear match to the Manakacha Formation, higher up on the trail’s cliff wall.

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The Manakacha Formation

For geologists, the Manakacha Formation is a geology playground. Originally mud and soft Earth in its original form millions of years ago, the mudstone and limestone now tends to be a treasure trove of fossils and captured material preserved in the ancient mud.

As it dried out, the layer turned to rock, and that in turn erodes and breaks apart over time, creating the boulder.

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Krill Finds Footprints

What caught Krill’s eye on the boulder’s surface, however, was a marking that looked like a footprint. And, there was more than one. In fact, his discovery found a pattern of footprints fossilized in the boulder. Krill took a number of photographs and then sent one of them to a paleontologist for confirmation.

Source: PLOS

Upon examination, Krill’s discovery was dead on; the geologist had indeed discovered a unique and actual specimen of a fossilized footprint track. The finding was confirmed two years later in peer-reviewed academic research by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.

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How Old Was This Creature?

While Krill’s eye had made the original discovery, the depth of the finding took another year or two to be fully understood. Paleontologists who studied the boulder and formation intently detailed their findings in the fall of 2020, again crediting Krill with a major find. As it turned out, the footprints involved were far older than previous conclusions.

Source: Ballista

Instead, based on the rock formations and material the prints were found in, the prints were estimated to be as old as 313 million years, far earlier than previously known for this type of creature to have existed, much less in the Grand Canyon region. It was a unique find that rewrote the history books, literally.

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An Incredible Discovery

Scientists concluded that, while they couldn’t identify the creature, it was definitely reptilian and living in an arid location.

Source: PLOS

The tracks are some of the oldest examples of life on Earth based on dating, and it was a definite vertebrate type of creature moving on four legs.

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A Mysterious Reptile

For today’s reader, it’s a bit hard to understand how dinosaurs long depicted being in jungles ended up in the desert arid regions of Arizona. Part of the perspective problem comes from the fact that today we think of the world as it is, not as it was.

araucobikers

The continents were far closer together and compacted, with the area that became Arizona being a lot closer to the equator at the time. Somewhere during that time period, a pair of reptiles that were big moved over the mud area that ultimately became frozen in time and preserved as a fossil.

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Perfectly Preserved Prints

It’s likely that instead of eroding flat, the tracks were subsequently covered up by water and more mud, which caked and preserved their form.

Source: AFP/Getty Images

That turned into rock over the ages and became fossils in the Manakacha Formation. These footprints were naturally preserved, just waiting to be discovered to reveal the interesting history of the past.

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Analyzing the Clues

A lot of the academic debate continues to rage back and forth whether the reptiles tracked through the area are the same time or were separate tracks. Were there two separate reptiles or only one?

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No one really knows for sure since, obviously, nobody was alive to observe anything. All we have to go by is the fossilized evidence found in the stones. From there, it’s up to geologists and historians to infer what happened.

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How the Creature Walked

However, all accounts do agree that there are two distinct sets of footprint tracks preserved in the boulder. And the mechanics of the walk pressure, impression, gait, and depth of the print say a lot about the type of creature that caused it.

Source: Greg Willis

For example, some of the research pointed out that the direction the reptile walked was in a lateral form versus moving directly forward, like a crab on the sand moving sideways.

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A Great Geological Debate

Yet, despite all the academic research published since Krill’s discovery, the boulder and its secret are still being hotly debated. Much of the disagreement centers around exactly what kind of reptile made the tracks, how they were made, and what one should infer from their shape and presence.

Source: NPS.gov

It got to the point that many of the academics often have to start off by pointing out that multiple opinions exist and continue to gyrate.

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An Incredible Boulder in Plain Sight

As for the rest of the world, those hiking down the Bright Angel Trail just see a big boulder that stands out as a visible shop to stop and catch one’s breath.

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That said, visiting geologists, paleontologists and other researchers regularly make a point to stop at the boulder to get a closer look at Krill’s discovery and prints. If folks aren’t looking for it, the majority of hikers walk right past without even realizing what they have just missed.

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A Discovery that Will Go Down in History

However, for the scientists, the prints might as well have a blazing neon sign posted over them, enticing all to come visit and check it out. The boulder is truly that exciting of a find and geologists love to visit with its history.

Source: Posnov/Getty Images

And for Krill, his discovery literally makes a print for his name in recorded history, at least in the geology world that will be there long after he has retired from the field.

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Geology Rocks!

So, if the story above appeals to you, and you want to train your eye to find things as you go hiking the way scientists look at the world, the first step is to study up on your geology or go to school to become a geologist. Krill’s observation involved being at the right place at the right time, but to the untrained eye this discovery would’ve gone unnoticed.

Christian Soldatke/EyeEm/Getty Images

It is the geologist who often first surveys an important area before any actions are taken to understand what forces and types of land are involved as well as what potential risks may occur. No surprise, Krill’s occupation and field has plenty of adventure and excitement to it, as evidenced by the countless discoveries in the Grand Canyon and beyond.

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